She was mixing chemicals such as benzene, xylene and toluene and unfortunately in that era, the toxicity of these chemicals was unknown. Most families do want some kind of closure. , Joel Norris says that parents who abuse their children, physically as well as psychologically, instill in them an almost instinctive reliance upon violence as a first resort to any challenge. One study revealed that serial killers who were abused when they were young were more likely to sexually assault their victims before murdering them. This is not true. to read the entire scripture that they are referencing, they would find that He was sentenced to die by gas chamber, but died instead on death row in 2013. any. others- this theory is based on domination and Richard definitely dominated You have chosen this person to be their own family member. Mike taught Richard how to kill someone with stealth and it was him thatintroducedRichard to Satanism or Devil Worship. His crimes were chronicled in a newly released Netflixdocumentaryseries: Night Stalker, Searching for a Serial Killer. Somebody Got Caught The Ethnography at the Edge: All of sudden, he is willing to admit guilt under the context that he was insane., Richard was born in 1960 in El Paso Texas, to parents of meager economical means. A sentence of life in prison will be And now youre a powerhouse! psychological characteristics. Weve updated the security on the site. There is a problem with your email/password. All of his siblings had birth defects because they were. WebFather: Julian Ramirez Mother: Mercedes Sister: Ruth Brother: Joseph Brother: Ruben Brother: Robert Wife: Doreen Lioy (m. 3-Oct-1996) High School: Jefferson High School, El Paso, TX Converted to Satanism Drug Possession: Marijuana (1982) Theft Car Theft Pasadena, CA (1981) Car Theft Los Angeles, CA (1984) Robbery Murder Rape Sodomy tried, convicted and sentenced to death. right hand man of Satan. WebHis father, Julian Ramirez, a Mexican immigrant, and his mother, Mercedes Ramirez, a Mexican American citizen, both worked long hours every day to support their five children. a good point. On August 14, the trial was interrupted because one of the jurors, Phyllis Singletary, did not arrive at the courtroom. Netflixs Night Stalker: The Hunt for a Serial Killer chronicles a year of horror for the residents of Southern California. There were reports of pentagrams being scrawled at crime scenes, as well as snippets from heavy metal songs. Investigators said he would target couples and develop a pattern by shooting the husband first before brutally attacking the wife. Try again later. Deals and discounts in Nails you dont want to miss. Why didnt the police investigate to see who else was involved? It seemed the majority thought that Jesus should die. He has never recited the mantra the devil made me do it. He does not think that Satan ordered him to kill, rather he was just trying to impress him. Richard continued to practice shooting the gun and wielding the knife until he was arrested. One runs a vineyard in her rain boots. being, we need to understand what made him who he is today. WebRamirez was born February 28, 1960 in El Paso, Texas. His mother worked in a factory mixing chemicals when she was five months pregnant with Richard. At his first court appearance, Richard raised a hand with a pentagram drawn on it and yelled, "Hail, Satan." Stanton, PhD. Most Shop the best selection of deals on Cameras now. To see all content on The Sun, please use the Site Map. At least it would be better Unfortunately they have to . Oct. 200. This is a carousel with slides. Deals and discounts in Pet Parents you dont want to miss. We ask that you respect our sorrow and grief.". homes per night. and murdered. Between 1984 and 1985, .css-16acfp5{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.125rem;text-decoration-color:#d2232e;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-16acfp5:hover{color:#000;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;background-color:yellow;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}Richard Ramirez, nicknamed the night stalker due to his early hours MObreaking into homes and committing murder and sexual assaultkilled at least 13 people and committed serial rape. You are nearing the transfer limit for memorials managed by Find a Grave. Ironically, it was Ramirezs attempts to fix his teeth which undermined one of his alibis. Thor/ Swift, Impact Visuals Greenhaven Press , San Diego, CA : 1998, http://www.serialkillers.net/cases/ramirez.html, http://www.handwriting.org/images/samples/rramirez.htm, http://www.angelfire.com/me3/PerdyKiller/Ramirez.html, http://www.angelfire.com/fl3/TheNight Stalker/index.html, http://www.Tripod.com/~fairwitch/crmpsy.html, http://www.geocities.com/Capitolhill/lobby/6027, http://www.stretyweb.com/links/1010htm/criminal/forensic. WebReyna and her older sister Hylla, were born to the goddess Bellona and Julian Ramirez-Arellano, a naval officer from Puerto Rico. The psychological aspects of the causation of Richards violent crimes are left residents of Los Angeles terrified to be in their own homes. Failed to delete memorial. Save up to 50% on Trending when you shop now. Alcohol and cocaine affect a person both biologically and psychologically. If we look at Richard as only a human The jury was terrified; they could not help wondering if Ramirez had somehow directed this event from inside his prison cell. Ramirez suffered head injuries at a young age and began having epileptic fits, according to Biography.com. Original Name Ricardo Leyva Muoz Ramirez Birth 29 Feb 1960 El Paso, El Paso County, Texas, USA Death 7 Jun 2013 (aged 53) Greenbrae, Marin County, Family and friends must say goodbye to their beloved Julian Save up to 50% on Hair when you shop now. Richard Ramirez was born Ricardo Leyva Muoz Ramrez in El Paso, Texas, on Feb. 29, 1960. Ramirez was arrested for the crimes in August 1985, having committed his first murder the previous year and at the age of 25. Share this memorial using social media sites or email. WebRichard Ramirez father Julian Ramirez father was a hard working man who would get extremely angry, because of distress. You need a Find a Grave account to continue. All of his siblings had birth defects because they wereexposedto nuclear radiation. Around this time, Richard began to escape from his father's violent temper by leaving the house at night to sleep in a local cemetery. Richard was 13 when Mike showed him pictures of women he had raped and killed. This traumatic event was locked inside Richards mind for an extremely long time. Contrasting Functions of Limbic and, Neocortal Systems of the Brain and Their Relevance to Psychophysiological, Aspects of Medicine. Shop the best selection of deals on Food Storage now. Actions toward He was 12 when his cousin Miguel Ramirez or Mike returned from the Vietnam war providing him with someone to look up to after his brothers had moved out of the house. The fact that Richard was capable of acting on his fantasies can be explained, to a certain degree, through science. could very well begin to torture and rape a woman. His father Julian was physically abused by his own elders and that left Jualin with unpredictable fits of rage. while Bridget Everett noted that Julian 'looks so much like his mama. Save up to 50% on Women's Clothing when you shop now. ', The proud mom shared a series of images of her son, including one with her and Jerry present, Julian, a student at Duke University, wore a button-down blue denim shirt with a chain and black sunglasses, with his wavy dark locks parted in the middle in a shot Jessica posted, In another frame Jessica wrote, 'You have been hustling through this life, working so hard to prove yourself. sexual relations. Are you sure that you want to delete this memorial? EXCLUSIVE: Floridians are told not to wash their face with tap water due to brain-eating bug fears: Public How Prince Harry's chat with guru who compared Hamas terrorists to Jews who battled the Nazis has appalled 'The haters have won': Grey's Anatomy star Isaiah Washington announces early retirement from acting in Walgreens says it will NOT sell abortion pills in 20 Republican-controlled states - even where it is still MEGHAN MCCAIN: Ohio in a poisonous soup. Oct. 2000. http://www.cnn.com/books/news/9905/04/poison.pen.salon/, Niehoff, Debra, PhD The Biology Of Violence As it turned out, according to our history and the fact that our entire existence is based on a time frame of Before Christ, and After Christ, I guess he was telling the truth. When he was five years old, he was knocked unconscious by a swing at a park. Resend Activation Email, Please check the I'm not a robot checkbox, If you want to be a Photo Volunteer you must enter a ZIP Code or select your location on the map. He knows right the study of Richards brain, hormone levels, and daily thought patterns, as EL PASO Drugs caused a rift between father and son more than three years ago, but Julian Ramirez still found it hard Saturday to believe his son could be the he stole a car and drove around Los Angeles looking for houses to rob. If Mercedes or any of the children did anything that Julian considered wrong they were physically beaten. You Can Stream Every 'Rocky' Movie Right Now, 'WoF' Fans Say This Is the 'Biggest Choke' on Show, Daisy Jones & the Six Is a Rock Epic in 10 Parts, See Mariska Hargitays Emotional Tribute on IG, Poker Face Is Rian Johnson's Exciting New Show, A Timeline of Events in 'Murdaugh Murders', 'White Lotus' Star Reveals 'Iconic' Scene Was Cut, How Sam Claflin Built His '70s Rock Star Body, 'Mayor of Kingstown' Is Back for Season 2. If most of us had been alive then, we probably would have thought Jesus was out of his mind. You were put behind bars for good and there is something else. Richard was 13 when Mike showed him pictures of women he had raped and killed. He has done nothing in his eleven See all See top. A number of Jessica's famous friends left comments wishing Julian a happy birthday in the thread. Another element to Richards case is his belief in Satan. For example, Richard Ramirez currently resides (1984). the women he attacked. This could happen during He was the serial killer known as the "Night Stalker". Incumbent Hilary Unger defeated Julian Ramirez in the general election for Texas 248th District Court on November 8, 2022. Nightly I do know that if somebody I loved was a victim, I might wish for the rapist/murderer has testosterone. I am not blaming the parents for his crimes. Quickly see who the memorial is for and when they lived and died and where they are buried. Harry's chat with guru who compared Hamas terrorists to Jews who battled the Nazis has appalled Rabbis: What DOES Duke know about man who defended anti-Semites, called for ALL drugs to be legal and who will want intimate detail of his upbringing? The safety of the officers and medical staff has always been an issue in prisons. We need to learn all we can from people like Richard Ramirez, instead On several occasions throughout his 16 months of violence, Ramirez was identified by his teeth. Is 'Daisy Jones & The Six' Based on a True Story? He gets really good at what he does. Add to your scrapbook. Yoda. The killer's father Julian Ramirez told the El Paso Times in 1989 that he could not believe his son could commit such brutal crimes. In other words, he had not one identifying, ritualistic behavior to leave as his mark from each crime scene. Jerry Seinfeld wished his son Julian a happy 20th birthday on Wednesday in an Instagram comment he left on the page of wife Jessica, who had posted pictures of That being justices. Genetics play a role in the creation of a serial killer but genetics alone do not compel people to commit horrendous crimes. I am beyond good and evil. A death sentence followed. they start. ', She continued, 'You chose your friends wisely, and treat them all like family. Richard Ramirez's bizarre childhoodRichard Ramirez was born Ricardo Leyva Muoz Ramrez in El Paso, Texas, on Feb. 29, 1960. His father, Julian Ramirez, aRichard Ramirez's life of crimeInitially, Richard Ramirez's drug use was limited to marijuana, which he began experimenting with at age 10. He beganRichard Ramirez becomes a killerOn April 10, 1984, 9-year-old Mei Leung and her little brother were playing in the apartment building where they lived victims. He was the youngest of five and his father, Julian, was a Mexican these crimes from happening in the future, as well as providing a small income, Russell is directing a Netflix docuseries about Ramirez and the murders. Michael taught Richard how to hold and shoot a gun, I will be avenged. In 1989, he told the El Paso Times that he could not believe his son committed those crimes. When he was two years old, a dresser fell on top of him, causing an injury to his forehead that required thirty stitches to close. With Whether or not you believe that he was delusional or based in reality, I think we were supposed to learn something from the experience. Also, a life in prison sentence, which currently does not mean life Alas, your actions did just that. Press, Glaser, Daniel (Ed.). of his victims, and the suffering encouraged him to continue. The The future serial killer had a troubled childhood in Texas, where he was raised, according to Biography.com. This action, of course, woke the women up whom Richard would promptly tie up with whatever was available, hosiery or neckties, while he went to get the children out of their beds. Find the best deals on Fitness Nutrition from your favorite brands. that this man is locked up for life away from society and helping to prevent Richard would steal a car with his master set of keys and drive around Los Angeles for hours at a time. comply with answering questions, whether it be to clear their conscience, or Richard came to the last picture. As Alex is jailed for horrific executions of his 'Don't go into the mountains! He was predeceased by : his parents, Julian C. Ramirez and Maria B. Ramirez; and his sister Mary Alice. 's Spa and Resort, run by Circe. Deals and discounts in Cookware you dont want to miss. how to rape women, are some extraordinary formative events. Translation on Find a Grave is an ongoing project. But they should prove these things with the sincere truth," Julian said about his son's crimes at the time. There was a problem getting your location. Mendoza, A. Holmes & Holmes (Eds.) and correct them before future ones occur. Stewart, Sally Ann. brain causes him to temporarily lack a conscience ( his conscience is I believe in capital punishment and I believe that people should be held accountable for their actions. form others, growing up to have an anti-social view of the world. murder and rape without any more severe a punishment than what they already As Alex is jailed for horrific executions of his wife and son rumors abound in the sleepy South Carolina town of Walterboro - and locals say 'most people don't believe he is the killer', 'Don't go into the mountains! He pulled my hair and he said look he put the dagger on my sons chest he said If you scream one time I will kill him, Sakinatolda reporter. Another's been married 32 years and a third loves quilting - as the superstar, 64, unveils her SIXTH boytoy, PLATELL'S PEOPLE: Yes, Madonna boytoys are fun but not if you value your dignity, Leonardo DiCaprio's ex Camila Morrone enjoys lunch outing with Willem Dafoe in New York ahead of filmingPatricia Arquette's Gonzo Girl together. As if all that was not enough, later that year, Richard moved in with his sister Ruth where his brother in law, Roberto, took him on nighttime missions to peep through peoples windows. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate, or jump to a slide with the slide dots. The Night Stalker -The life could prevent another human life from being taken by a violent killer if we Similarly, the intricate vasculature of the brain ferries the hormonal messages back to the hyppothalamus, prompting adjustments in the secretion of releasing factors A 1976 study comparing plasma testosterone values in convicted sex offenders and non incarcerated volunteers found, as predicted, the highest levels among the most violent offenders: rapists who had also beaten, stabbed, or shot their victims. (154). Others still FBI profilerJim Clementeput it this way: Genetics loads the gun, their personality and psychology aim it, and their experiences pull the trigger.. During his trial, Ramirezs defense team called his fatherJulian Ramirezto the stand. Of course, I dont believe testosterone alone causes violence, after all everyone an attempt to be in favor with guards, doctors, wardens, etc. After killing an accountant Peter Pan in San Francisco, he killed and raped his wife, helped himself to everything in the fridge, threw up in the kitchen and masturbated on the living room floor and then drew a satanic symbol on the wall. According to criminologist Dr. Scott Bonn, children arearousedby violence when sex and violence fuse in their minds during the years of puberty. As a child, Richard sustained two serious head injuries. Chicago: "The world judged him, whether fairly or unfairly, it no longer matters. However, Richard was not responsible for Singletary's death; she had been shot and killed by her boyfriend, who later committed suicide with the same weapon in a hotel. I cannot WebRichard Ramirez Serial killer The Night Stalker: Richard Ramirez was born in El Paso, Texas, on February 28, 1960. Not- as they use it-in a showing of forgiveness. Try again later. Because of distress he would physically abuse people in the household including Richard Ramirez. WebGenealogy profile for Julian Ramirez Julian Ramirez (1902 - 1982) - Genealogy Genealogy for Julian Ramirez (1902 - 1982) family tree on Geni, with over 230 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives. Year should not be greater than current year. in the U.S. and I will not be surprised if most of them were abused. A system error has occurred. Seventy percent will go to the victims family, to aid in the loss of income for the household. All photos appear on this tab and here you can update the sort order of photos on memorials you manage. raises, and nobody is winning. yet they dont just start brutally raping and murdering people. (1997) The Death Penalty and the Disadvantaged. Are you sure that you want to remove this flower? or don't show this againI am good at figuring things out. offenders are being released all of the time. Julian Ramirez was born in Mexico, where he worked as a policeman in Cuidad Juarez. I thought you might like to see a memorial for Ricardo Leyva Muoz Ramrez I found on Findagrave.com. Serial murderer Richard Ramirez claims to be the right hand man of Satan. cannot be erased. When he was fifteen, Richard became strongly influenced by his older cousin Miguel ("Mike") Ramirez, a decorated Green Beret combat veteran who often boasted of his gruesome exploits during the Vietnam War and showed him Polaroid pictures of his victims, whom he had raped and beaten among other things. What made him do Julian would tie Richard to a cross in agraveyard overnightas a form of punishment. That would have been true had you escaped arrest for your entire life and then one day released a message from a secret location saying, that look, I told you, I told you that you will never catch me, that I am beyond your imagination, that I am beyond good and evil. But that was not the case. These are the best Kitchen Linens deals youll find online. Secondly, in 1959 during her pregnancy with Richard, Mercedes was working at Tony Lamas boot factory mixing pigments and chemicals used on the boots. An epileptic seizure can be stimuli to the amygdala, thereby contributing to the causation of violence. to violent criminals but this has not statistically proven to be true. This service is provided on News Group Newspapers' Limited's Standard Terms and Conditions in accordance with our Privacy & Cookie Policy. many. Should the death penalty be instituted, Richard is confident on violent crimes. We have learned little if anything These are the best Small Pets Supplies deals youll find online. Our product picks are editor-tested, expert-approved. There is no information about the whereabouts of Julian Ramirez. (1974). that he will be placed where he belongs, at the right hand of Satan, the most Health. Douglas, John, and Mark Olshaker. In the mid 1980's horrific tales began to surface of a man breaking into homes, mostly in Southern California, in the wee hours of the morning. the crime, and actually carrying it out in which Richards brain is split, or E. Van Winkle, a retired neuroscientist from the New York University School of Medicine, believes that there is a correlation between addictions and psychiatric disorders. In one photo, Mike stood right next to a severed head of a woman he had abused. Julian blamed the media for turning his son into a monster. However, serial killers who did not have a history of childhood abuse did not display sexually violent behavior. Perhaps he thought his mother was weak and resented her. While in the fifth grade, Richard was diagnosed with temporal lobe epilepsy. is enough to bring them some small amount of peace. Julian Ramirez Obituary. already been put to death whom after they were gone were found to be innocent. Being taught to shoot a gun, and use a knife while being advised on going to die, why should he? other cheek in a gross misrepresentation. The email does not appear to be a valid email address. and sedatives.. He was 53. Learn more about merges. Dr. Bonn says that Richard was not a psychopath but he was a sociopath. So his familial background alone can not be blamed for his behavior. On several occasions, a man who happened to be inside was killed quickly. Their husbands were murdered, but their lives were spared. Richards Patterned Joshua St Clair is an Assistant Editor at Men's Health Magazine. penalty in 1976, seventy-five death row inmates have been found innocent and Carlo, Philip. So Michael remained his most special confidant and teacher, until he killed himself shortly there after. Guilford, CT: Dushkin Publishing, Samenow, Group/Brown & Benchmark Publishers, Moss, Jason, and Jeffery Kottler, Ph.D. Poison Pen Pals The Last Victim: You are already everything you want to be and I am so proud to be your mom.'. Thousands of children get beaten and abused and they dont all grow up to be abusive, let alone sociopaths. All of the Ramirez children were born with problems ranging from respiratory difficulty to Colliers disease (an illness in which the bones grow into a curved shape, causing deformity or handicap.) A wing or a block of a prison will He was subsequently given the death sentence on October 3rd of that same year. After a few months of Michaels return from Learn more about managing a memorial . Born in El Paso, Texas, in 1960, the youngest of Julian and Mercedes Ramirez's five children. WebView the profiles of people named Julian Ramrez. But there was another feature that victims used to identify Ramirez and what would later aid in his conviction: Ramirezs teeth. He was busted several more times over the years before the murders started. the very thing that can accelerate the detoxification process is itself toxic. Please enter your email and password to sign in. And as such, he was We are sad to announce that on March 30, 2021 we had to say goodbye to Julian B Ramirez Jr. of San Saba, Texas. Shop the best selection of deals on Laptops now. This made it hard for the police to catch him. Join Facebook to connect with Julian Ramrez and others you may know. & S.A. Mednick Biological Contributions to Crime Causation Ramirezs dietary history and cocaine usage likely explains why he had decayed and missing teeth. victims some would probably say that the death penalty isnt good enough for head, held by Michael in his hand, positioned so that the victims mouth was be free one day soon. Thirty percent will go directly into the prison for maintaining research equipment and staff. Richard There is Flowers added to the memorial appear on the bottom of the memorial or here on the Flowers tab. he is just a man influenced by his biological tendencies as well as his own Since he had no outlet for his emotions he felt isolated and different Try again later. against what they see as murder. Richard worships Satan, and he believes that killing people and wreaking havoc on the community as a whole is a way to ensure his place at Satans table. These five factors are: Ineffective social environment, Formative events, Patterned I have to ask why did Julian, the father, keep on creating kids when he knew that he had a problem with his temper? responses, Actions toward others, and Feedback Filter. His father, Julian Ramirez, a Mexican immigrant, and his mother, Mercedes Ramirez, a Mexican American citizen, both worked long hours every day to support their five children. Michael with no ramifications to the murderer, after admitting he enjoys the act of have. The anti death penalty groups do have a statistically proven point in that innocent Ramirez had four siblings growing up - Robert, Ruth, Joseph, and Ruben. Do not sell or share my personal information. In line with the family's comedic prowess, she added, 'You could maybe use a haircut though? Richards father was not the only bad influence on him. They used to live at C.C. Richard was captured in 1985 and given 19 death sentences. Mike taught Richard how to kill someone with stealth and it was him that, All the elements that poison a childs brain were present in Ricahrds life. He was born Ricardo Leyva Muoz Ramrez on February 29, 1960, in El Paso, the youngest child of Mexican immigrants. This memorial has been copied to your clipboard. Therefore, I am confident in saying that Richard- when not in the throws of a brain malfunction-knows right from wrong. Rand. I think knowing years of imprisonment to benefit the long list of families of his victims. of Mental, http://pages.nyu.edu/~er26/toxicmind.html, Williams, Mary, E. ed. The feedback filter explains that a killer is proud of ", GMB's Kate Garraway reveals crippling cost of caring for her husband Derek, Mum identified after dead baby is found on heathland, Radio star rushed to hospital after suffering brain haemorrhage, Katie Price quits her big money TV comeback plunging show into chaos, News Group Newspapers Limited in England No. The father of convicted Night Stalker killer Richard Ramirez said Thursday he accepts that his son should be punished if he killed 13 people. begin to imagine how I would feel if somebody in my family was brutally raped Alex Murdaugh's head is shaved as he is booked into South Carolina prison fortress for weeks of evaluation before being sent to a maximum security facility housing the 'worst of the worst', ASHLEIGH BANFIELD: A digital star witness brought down lying, family-killing father Alex Murdaugh and it was his murdered son's cellphone. This model fits Richard A psychopath is born that way but a sociopath is created by his environment and circumstances. that addicted persons in the kind of therapy that encourages the releasing and was to beoverthrown, and prisoners who would have been put to death are instead The Rest, Of Our Lives . or in a horrible nightmare gets released back into society. He usually found one in an un-locked door, believe it or not, and sometimes an open window. asked at different stages of imprisonment, with a penalty to those who refuse The electronic spies lurking in our pockets are now justice's greatest tools, Alex Murdaugh is seen with his prison buzz cut as he starts two life sentences without parole for killing his wife Maggie and son: Judge says they will 'visit you in your sleep' - as his lawyers plan appeal in ten days, Is Murdaugh family behind three other mysterious deaths? If you have questions, please contact [emailprotected]. Please complete the captcha to let us know you are a real person. He was previously married to Mercedes Ramirez. Use the links under See more to quickly search for other people with the same last name in the same cemetery, city, county, etc. Psychopaths need control so they meticulously plan their attacks like Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacy, the Killer Clown, but Richard randomly picked his targets. Millions of men out of work and lonely. El Paso relatives of 'Night Stalker' Richard Ramirez react to death He reportedly made a promise to himself that he will not treat his children the way he was treated but he repeatedly failed to keep that promise and still he had no problems creating five children. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Thanks for your help! in The Biology of Violence, says: Estrogen and testosterone, cortisol and thyroid hormone sweep into the anterior pituitary with an update on hormonal activity in the body, and the power to fine-tune the production and release of pituitary hormones. They could kill a prison guard or other inmates, and continually commit Your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts. Born: 29-Feb-1960 Birthplace: El Paso, TX Died: 7-Jun-2013 Location of death: Greenbrae, CA Cause of death: Liver Failure. Oral evaluations with extensive questionnaires they had taken the phrase out of context entirely, and used it incorrectly.